ABSTRACT
Gut microbiota(GM)consists of a complex community of microorganism species that live in the digestive tracts of animals including humans. Dysbiosis is believed to involve in the development of some diseases. Recently dysbiosis in the patients with Alzheimer′s disease(AD)and AD rat models was reported. GM may influence the pathogenesis and development of AD in several ways. Some neurotoxic substances produced by GM can invade into the brain via circulation and impair the neural functions. These sub?stances include ammonia,cyanobacteria-producedβ-N-methylamino-L-alanine,saxitoxin,anatoxin-αand amyloid. The decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in hippocampus and cerebral cortex induced by dysbiosis contributes to the cognitive dys?function. Dysbiosis related endotoxin can induce inflammation,which is one important risk factor for obesity,insulin resistance(IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus(TIDM). AD and diabetes have good correlation and similarity. Probiotics,prebiotics and Chinese herbal medicines can rebuild GM and have been reported to ameliorate the memory loss of AD patients or model rats. However ,whether and how their preventative and therapeutic effects on AD mediated by GM are worthy of further investigation.
ABSTRACT
Oxycodone,an opioid receptor agonist,is one of potent narcotic analgesics. Despite its potent analgesic effect,the tolerant and dependent liability of oxycodone as well as its inhibition on gas-trointestinal motility strongly restricts its clinical application. Since the end of the last century,antipyretic, opioid receptor agonist,opioid receptor antagonist and dopamine receptor antagonist have been used to in combination with oxycodone at different ratios as complex prescriptions,the aim of which is to enhance the effect of oxycodone,decrease the dosage of oxycodone,and prevent the adverse effect and the tendency for misuse. Here we reviewed the development of oxycodone compositions in the recent years,hoping to provide more data for its potential clinical application.